Networking Fundamentals




Network


A network is a group of two or more computers linking together for sharing information with each other.


Types of Networks



1. LAN (Intranet).

2. WAN (Internet).

3. MAN (LAN + WAN).

4. CAN (campus area network).

5. PAN (personal area network).

6. SAN (storage area network).

7. HAN (home area network).

8. SAN (space area network).


Classes of IP Address



            Class                                              IP Range

              A                                          0.0.0.0 - 126.255.255.255

              B                                      128.0.0.0 - 191.255.255.255

              C                                      192.0.0.0 - 223.255.255.255

               D                                      224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255

                     E                                      240.0.0.0 - 254.255.255.255


Note 
 "Class A IP address range 127.0.0.0 - 127.255.255.255 is
 reserved for loop back or troubleshooting of network functions 
 problems."



Private IP Address 


An IP address is considered private if the IP number falls within one of the IP address ranges reserved for private uses by Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA). These private IP address exist in following order.


           Class                                                IP Range
           A                                        10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255

               B                                  169.254.0.0 - 169.254.255.255

                                                    172.16.0.0   - 172.31.255.255
            
               C                                  192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255



Note 
"Devices with private IP address cannot connect directly to the Internet. Similarly computers outside the local network (WAN) cannot connect directly to a device with a private IP instead access to such devices must be brokered by a router that supports Network Address Translation (NAT)."



NAT

NAT hides the private IP numbers but can selectively transfer messages to these devices affording a layer of security to the local network.


IANA


IANA created private IP addressing to prevent a shortage of public IP addresses available to ISP and subscribing.



Public IP Address


An IP address is considered public if the IP number is valid and falls outside any of the IP address ranges reserved for private users by IANA. Each public IP is assigned to a range or block of addresses. IANA controls ownership of these IP ranges and assigns each block to organization such as ISP's, who in return allocate individual IP addresses to costumers. 


"Now I need you to read about virtual machines carefully and also do install the preferable one."


Virtual Machines


A virtual machine is a software computer like a physical computer runs an operating system and applications. The virtual machine contains set of specification and configuration files which is backed by the physical resources of a host.
Every virtual machine has virtual devices that provide the same functionality benefits in terms of portability, manageability and security.



List of Virtual Machine Softwares



1. Oracle VM virtual box.

2. VM ware work station.

3. Microsoft Virtual PC.



List of Hacking Operating Systems


1. Kali linux

2. Blackbuntu.

3. Parrotsec.

4. Matriaux.

5. Websamurai.

6. Bugtraq.

7. Backtrack.

8. Kali nethunter.


More about Ethical Hacking will be in my next post "Footprinting".


For Better understanding readers are requested to read from by first post "Ethical Hacking Introduction".


   


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